While almost all of these attacks were claimed by ISIL, observers have
expressed skepticism about the extent of the organization’s involvement. Some argued that ISIL’s role in most attacks during Ramadan was
limited to providing ideological inspiration and encouragement to so-called lone wolves or wolf packs, who may have mobilized in response to Adnani’s call to arms but did not coordinate with ISIL operatives. Yet, a growing body of evidence suggests that the Ramadan offensive was largely a coordinated and deliberate ISIL campaign.
(Concludes) In essence, ISIL operates a professionalized external operations wing that is capable of directing and coordinating operations across the globe.
Attacks that seem disparate or disconnected may actually be part of a broader campaign. Attackers who appear, at first glance, to have acted alone may be linked with a clandestine network. As we investigate the heinous assault in Nice, we should keep this in mind.
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