"The era of the big footprint is over."

[datroy]

Why do we assume this:

What we have to understand is that the US cannot win a COIN fight unless the US is the nation directly threatened. Only the indigenous people can win their COIN fight. The US can only provide external support to the government and its security forces. The US cannot win the COIN fight in any country other than our own.

Look back on US history of COIN, at least in countries where the government had either collapsed or been overthrown: so, Philippines 1899, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Haiti, all in the 1910s/1920s/1930s, and even cases of just general violence (1990s Haiti and Somalia)etc., in nearly every case but one we operated under this assumption: go in, set up a government for "legitimacy," create some kind of indigenous force with the intention of turning over the COIN operation to them. As such, more attention was placed on training than on actual COIN operations. The result of this was the US started taking heavy casualties, political will disappeared in the US and the president was eventually pressured to remove troops. Then, the indigenous forces were usually not able to defeat the insurgency, and the government usually fell within a period of years: either to the insurgents or to its own security forces. In only one of those cases did the indigenous force defeat the insurgents: Nicaragua. But that was only because Somoza, head of the police, had Sandino captured and killed when he was in the capital at the invitation of the government, who had guaranteed safe passage. While the insurgency was defeated, it was hardly the kind of uccess story for US training of a professional security force that we were looking for. Somoza went on to overthrow the government two years later.

It is no surprise that the clearest COIN victory in US history (where no legitimate government existed - so I'm not talking El Salvador, Colombia, etc here) was in the Philippines in 1899 - our first real experience in full-scale COIN. The US didn't set up a government or spend its time creating and training security forces. It established a joint military/civilian government (the civ side led by future Pres. Taft), while most of the military focused on fighting the insurgency. We had support of some local forces, such as the Macabebe Scouts, and obviously that was very helpful - particularly in capturing Aguinaldo, the insurgent leader. But we didn't have to spend our time training them, as they came from a deep-rooted military culture and were already formidable fighters - and had been fighting against Spanish colonial rule for years.

Obviously it's not as easy today to just set up a military government that lasts for years, but I don't understand this rigid commitment to training and assisting indigenous forces as the only way to fight COIN. It's worked for us to varying degrees in COIN operations where a legitimate government and established army/national police force already existed, such as El Salvador and Colombia. But operations like Iraq/Afghanistan are (and potential future operations will be) quite different. Our experience in the first four decades of the twentieth century provide better historical examples.

[Bill Moore]

A quick response.

Regardless of the poll results and our opinions the fact remains that none of us have a crystal ball that can accurately predict the future will bring and what our future national interests will be at time. Unfortunately for us the “through, by and with” strategy, while always the desired option is not always a feasible option since large parts of the world remain poorly governed or non-governed, and a minimalist approach will not work.

The through, by and with approach worked in Greece and numerous other locations, but there is a big difference between the approach and resources required for a Greece or El Salvador scenario where our strategy was to prop up a struggling government versus the strategy of overthrowing a regime and standing up a government from scratch, or simply trying to stand up a government from scratch as we sort of attempted in Somalia. The first scenario is probably a legitimate small war, while the second scenario is a major effort when it comes to national resources and national will, and should not be approached as a small war.

Will there be another Iraq or Afghanistan? I would guess that almost certainly there will be, and it is imperative we continue to address the short falls in our doctrine and interagency approach so we are better prepared to deal with the situation when it is thrust upon us.

I am beginning to think we are all missing the boat when it comes to COIN, or irregular warfare, with our two approaches: attrition and hearts and minds (by fixing local government). After recently reading the declassified version of Ambassador Lodge’s letter to the President regarding the Vietnam conflict posted elsewhere on the SWJ, I was moved by his comments that we need to focus our efforts more on organizing the Vietnamese society to resist the insurgency. Assuming that as an Ambassador he chose his words very carefully, I find it insightful that he focused on the society instead of the government. Let’s face it, there are some governments we can’t fix, they simply don’t have the desire to change, and we don’t have the carrots and sticks to make them change, so can we more effectively focus on empowering the society instead of a corrupt and / or ineffective government?

[Tom Odom]

A quick response.

I am beginning to think we are all missing the boat when it comes to COIN, or irregular warfare, with our two approaches: attrition and hearts and minds (by fixing local government). After recently reading the declassified version of Ambassador Lodge’s letter to the President regarding the Vietnam conflict posted elsewhere on the SWJ, I was moved by his comments that we need to focus our efforts more on organizing the Vietnamese society to resist the insurgency. Assuming that as an Ambassador he chose his words very carefully, I find it insightful that he focused on the society instead of the government. Let’s face it, there are some governments we can’t fix, they simply don’t have the desire to change, and we don’t have the carrots and sticks to make them change, so can we more effectively focus on empowering the society instead of a corrupt and / or ineffective government?

I had the opportunity to look at an article that Marc T is working and one section really struck me as pivotal. The paper dealt with framing a mission and extraoplated the key issues that had to be addressed by offering the critical questions that surface those issues. The section that really got me was on the relationship between needed social institutions and extant cultural institutions. Hopefully Marc will wrap it up soon and he will post some of it here.

Best

Tom

[Steve Blair]

There may also be a lingering, anti-imperialist distaste for announcing things like remaking or changing a society as a whole. Remember, that was one of the guiding ideas behind a fair amount of official Indian policy, and also came up in the Philippines and (to a much more limited degree) in Central America. It's easier to focus on a government instead of a people (although that focus may not in fact be correct). Empowering society can be taken by some (spun, as the case may be) as an attack on existing traditions and/or cultural points of reference. At this point I'm not sure we have the ability to counter such spin, let alone plan and conduct a campaign to enhance a society in this way (at least not at the governmental level...our business community is another story).

[Bill Moore]

The spin machine will remain a credible threat, but assuming we ever get to the point where can effectively implement a grass roots information campaign I think focusing on "empowering" society might be feasible in some cases.

I'm not looking at remaking their society like the communists did, but rather empowering them to protect their culture and families. For example the Taliban in Afghanistan and the Communists in all parts of world took over societies through coercion and perverted them. Our interests were at one time was to stop the spread of communism, and now to contain the spread of radical Islam. As long as we focused on defending the current society and not transforming it into a mini-America, I would hope we could manage the spin machine attacks. Anyway these are just some loose, poorly constructed ideas at the moment I wanted to run by the SWJ brain trust. I'm looking forward to seeing Marc's article.