The philosophy for independence and revolution was firmly based on Locke, Hobbs, Natural Law, English Common Law and others.

The critical point in the lead up to the American Revolution was when these sometimes "High Brow" concepts were melded together and presented in a coherent package that could be absorbed by the general public.

James Otis, "The Patriot" of Massachusetts gave the first clear public pronouncement of that philosophy in 1761 in his opposition to the "Writs of Assistance" in a public trial. He cited natural law and the rights to life, liberty and property and that sovereign power derived from the consent of the governed. He gave "tyranny" a clear definition and showed that the King's "Writs of Assistance" were tyrannical. After his five hour presentation before the court in the Old State House in Boston, John Adams wrote: “Every man of a crowded audience appeared to me to go away as I did ready to up arms against the writs of assistance. Then and there was the first scene of the first act of the opposition to the arbitrary claims of Great Britain. Then and there the child of Independence was born.”

Otis' words were widely printed through out the colonies and provided a unifying concept for the unfocused discontent over British Rule. Elements of his speech can be seen in many of the resolutions and declarations passed by various political organizations prior to 1776, not to mention the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.

Otis is credited with originating the phrases: "Taxation without Representation is Tyranny" "If we are not represented, we are slaves" and "A man's house is his castle".

Otis formed a triumvirate in Boston with John Hancock and Sam Adams and played an important role in starting the first Stamp Act Congress and setting up the Committees of Correspondence thus playing a key role in establishing the political framework that filled the power vacuum left by the fleeing Royal Governors.

James Otis suffered near fatal injuries and serious brain damage in an assault by Tories in 1769 after which he faded from view and was largely forgotten.

Goggle "James Otis" for more information.

Quote Originally Posted by War Hammer
Weaknesses of Kirk:

Kirk rejects the idea that late 17th century English philosopher John Locke’s “Second Treatise of Government” had any influence on the Founding Fathers. This assertion by itself negates any claims that Kirk is a good historian. Locke had a tremendous influence on the Founding Fathers. Any cursory reading of speeches by revolutionary preachers will show direct influences of Locke’s “Second Treatise of Government.” Read the Declaration of Independence and then read the “Second Treatise of Government.” The connection is there.
The “Second Treatise of Government” is a document that advocates revolution and the idea that a “state of nature” existed. This is why cultural conservatives like Kirk find it so “dangerous.”

Locke uses the abstract idea of the “state of nature” as a means of showing when revolution is appropriate, property rights evolved etc.... So Locke argues that people form governments to protect their property and lives because the state of nature is to dangerous to live in. Locke argues that people formed governments from the abstract “state of nature” whereas Kirk argues society evolved through thousands of years and traditions.

So what’s the difference?

Locke argues that the state is the most powerful entity in existence. That the awesome power of the state has no match. Locke would rather exist in the state of nature where he would face 100,000 non-state actors than face a tyrannical government that has 100,000 soldiers at its disposal.

A subtle difference but an important one when we consider the 4GW emphasis on the destruction of the state and state’s loss on the monopoly of the use of force.

The Lockean perspective is that the citizenry never gives up its right to the use of force. It only loans it to the government. The government never has a “monopoly on the use of force.” When the government becomes tyrannical and reduces the people’s rights, they regain their right to the use of force. At this point the people have the right to overthrow the tyrannical government that oppresses them.

Conservatives like Kirk and Leo Strauss (the supposed paragon of the neo-conservatives) dismissed authors like Machiavelli, Hobbes and Locke. And in doing so they missed another equation in the development of American republicanism, political thought and traditions. The fact is, Locke’s ideas became part of the English government traditions that Burke and Kirk love so dearly.