Indonesia and small wars in Southeast Asia-Post WWII?

[ntut]

There has been a few conflicts in Indonesia since WWII:

1) War of independence (1945-1949) -> Indonesia successfully defended its independence from 150,000 Dutch soldiers who seek to re-impose their rule. Casualties were around 20,000 Indonesians killed, 5000 Dutch killed, 1500 British killed (mostly Indian soldiers), as well as around 2000 Japanese killed (most Japs fought with the British but some Japs deserted to fight for Indonesia).

2) Darul Islam insurgency (1949-1965) -> Indonesia successully defeated Islamic rebels who seek to overthrow the govt and put in place an Islamic theocratic state. The Darul Islam insurgencies occured in West Java (1949-1962), South Sulawesi (1951-1965), Aceh (1953-1962), Central Java (1949-1957), and South Kalimantan (1951-1959). Imam of Darul Islam (Kartosuwirjo) was captured and executed in 1962. Casualties were 35,000 Indonesians killed (ie bloodier than war of independence).

3) Communist rebellion of 1948 -> Unsuccessul two-month attempt by PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) to grab power from Sukarno-Hatta during war of independence. The fighting was centred in Madiun in East Java. PKI chairman Musso was shot dead in 1948. Around 10,000 Indonesians killed, many Islamic clerics and govt officials massacred by PKI rebels.

4) APRA rebellion of 1950 -> short abortive rebellion in Bandung by Dutch-provoked federalists under Capt Westerling. Around 200 killed

5) RMS rebellion (1950-1962) -> failed attempt by ex-Dutch soldiers to establish independent Republic of South Maluku (RMS). The last RMS guerillas surrendered in 1962 and its president Soumokil was captured that year and later executed in 1966.

6) PRRI-Permesta rebellion (1958-1961) -> unsuccessful attempt by regional military commanders of West Sumatera (PRRI) and North Sulawesi (Permesta) to overthrow Jakarta government of Sukarno. The rebels was supported by CIA pilots, planes, mercenaries, money, and weaponry until a CIA B-25 bomber flying for the rebels was shot down and its American pilot (Allen Pope) captured. Casualties were around 20,000 rebels killed and 15,000 government soldiers killed.

7) Indonesian killings of 1965-1966 -> military-led backlash of nationalist and religious groups against G30S Movement who killed 6 top army generals, in what was considered as PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) plot to eliminate rivals to power. Although this is mostly one-sided slaughter, there was some communal fighting by PKI members in Central and East Java. Casualties were around 500,000 killed, 1.5 million jailed, and virtually the entire PKI membership slaughtered including its chairman Aidit (shot in Nov 1965) and its Politburo members were mostly killed while some was imprisoned for life. All members of G30S Movement captured and executed.

8) Communist insurgency in West Kalimantan (1967-1972) -> remnants of PKI and communist guerillas trained by Sukarno for Malaysian confrontation turned against new Suharto regime until crushed in 1972 when the communist leader Sofyan was shot dead.

9) East Timor conflict (1975-1999) -> Indonesia invaded East Timor to prevent leftist Fretilin from taking power there. Fretilin control over the hinterlands was broken by Indonesian military campaign of 1977-1978 when Fretilin president Nicolau Lobato was killed. Small-scale guerilla fighting continued until East Timor gained independence via referendum in 1999. Total casualties based on UN research were 19,000 violent deaths of East Timorese and 2000 Indonesians killed (mostly in the initial invasion stage)

10) First Aceh insurgency (1977-1982) -> unsuccessfull first incarnation of GAM separatists which was rather quickly destroyed by govt forces. Only around 200 killed and GAM leadership either killed or fled abroad.

11) Second Aceh insurgency (1989-1992) -> unsuccessful second incarnation of GAM separatists now funded and trained by Libya, which was also destroyed by govt forces with much brutality. Around 2,000 people killed.

12) Third Aceh insurgency (1999-2005) -> large-scale insurgency after fall of Suharto regime in 1998 caused instability at Jakarta central govt. Govt launched military campaign to respond to this insurgency in 2003, which aided by the great tsunami of 2004, ended the conflict whereby the rebels gave-up quest for independence and disarmed in exchange for wide-ranging autonomy. Around 10,000 rebels and civilians killed, as well as 800 Indonesian soldiers.

13) Maluku religious conflict (1999-2002) -> religious communal conflict between Muslims and Christians in the post-Suharto era which was ended by govt-brokered Malino Peace Accord of 2002. Around 5000 killed on both sides.

14) Poso religious conflict (1998-2001) -> religious communal conflict between Muslims and Christians in the post-Suharto era which was ened by govt-brokered Malino Peace Accord of 2001, although there were small outbreaks on the following 5 years or so. Around 1000 killed on both sides.

15) Papua conflict (1965-now) -> small-scale separatist conflict between disorganized and poorly-armed groups under common name OPM. The conflict has de-escalated from 1965 when there were several large bands of ex-Dutch militia roaming around the vast hinterland, while today only around 100 OPM remained active in Puncak Jaya and Mulia districts. Around 5000 rebels killed and around 500 Indonesian soldiers killed in the past 50 years.

Indonesia was also involved in one foreign conflict:

1) Malaysian confrontation (1963-1966) -> Indonesian military and Malaysian communists under order of Sukarno infilitrated into Malay Peninsula, Singapore, and North Borneo (Sabah & Sarawak) to foil establishment of Malaysia. They engaged in jungle warfare against British & Commonwealth soldiers deployed to protect Malaysia, until new leader Suharto ended the conflict in 1966. Casualties were 150 British & Commonwealth soldiers killed, 50 Malaysian soldiers killed, and 500 Indonesians killed. There was one Victoria Cross awarded for this conflict.