LONDON (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Human smuggling often conjures up images of shady networks run by organized crime gangs, but new research reveals that independent operators rather than criminal kingpins control routes that bring migrants into Europe from Africa.
More than 600,000 migrants have reached Italy, mostly from Libya, since 2014. More than 20,000 are estimated to have died attempting the crossing in the past four years, making it the deadliest border for migrants in the world.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-a...-idUSKBN1FB003

Initial reports of recent shenanigans in Calais would seem to contradict this assertation.
http://council.smallwarsjournal.com/...393#post210393