This paper seeks to explore this phenomenon of violent non-state actors, while recognizing that there are various sub-species, each with its own distinct characteristics. The analysis identifies factors, trends and developments that have contributed to the emergence of VNSA s. The focus then switches to the groups themselves, looking at different kinds of VNSA s. The paper draws on the
pioneering work been done by Troy Thomas and various collaborators as well as
an important study by Shultz, Farah and Lockard that argues very persuasively that armed groups have become a “tier-one” security threat......
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