There is training and there is education. To understand the difference do you want your teenage daughter to receive sex training or sex education? This is how my first educational philosophy course as a doctoral student began.
I hate to link farm but I've written a lot about this topic.
Some highlights
The Socratic compass: Giving students directions not answers
Guiding students to the questions that they can answer.
How do we get there from here? (by my better half who is also a professor)
How does education define our society?
Education paradigm: How you get there may not be where you are going
This article in many ways describes the issues as talked about above.
The dark ages: Modern anti-intellectualism and failure of the thinking man
More on society and the anti-intellectualism that is fairly rampant.
What does the military want from the education system?
This one should be of substantial interest.
When the TRADOC RFI was posted here I didn't have much nice to say about it and after writing five pages trashing it. Well I decided if I didn't have anything nice to say I shouldn't say anything. So I self censored. All of the elements being discussed in this thread (with the mild prod by marct) are fairly well known in the education field. I guess I think it is funny that a bunch of soldiers who complain about the malfeasance and arrogance of civilians mucking about in military affairs have no issues tromping about redefining higher education.
As marct alluded to a lot of what we know now as higher education was began by John Dewey (1907ish). His books are available free online and are guiding principles on how we teach and educate. Bloom a 1950s era educator is how most of our outcome based education programs began. There is also Gagne and a few others. If we really want to start talking about philosophical differences we will have open up the constructivist versus behaviorist approach to education. Basically constructivists believe that you can educate from principles to knowledge (grossly simplified), and behaviorist believe that factual iteration (memorization) is the way to knowledge.
I imagine the discussion will be lively.
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